{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
module LinkAuto (linkAuto, linkAutoHtml5String, linkAutoFiltered, linkAutoTest) where
{- LinkAuto.hs: search a Pandoc document for pre-defined regexp patterns, and turn matching text into a hyperlink.
Author: Gwern Branwen
Date: 2021-06-23
When: Time-stamp: "2024-01-28 17:59:23 gwern"
License: CC-0
This is useful for automatically defining concepts, terms, and proper names using a single master
updated list of regexp/URL pairs. (Terms like "BERT" or "GPT-3" or "RoBERTa" are too hard to all
define manually on every appearance, particularly in abstracts/annotations which themselves may be
generated automatically, so it makes more sense to try to do it automatically.)
Regexps are guarded with space/punctuation/string-end-begin delimiters, to try to avoid problems of
greedy rewrites (eg. "GAN" vs "BigGAN"). Regexps are sorted by length, longest-first, to further try
to prioritize (so "BigGAN" would match before "GAN"). For efficiency, we avoid String type
conversion as much as possible. Regexp matching is done only within a Str node; therefore,
mixed-formatting strings will not match. If a match is all inside italics/bold/smallcaps (eg. 'Emph
[Str x]'), then it will match; if a match is split (eg. '...Str x1, Emph [Str x2], ...'), then it
will fail.
A document is queried for URLs and all URLs already present or regexps without plain text matches
are removed from the rewrite dictionary. This usually lets a document be skipped entirely as having
no possible non-redundant matches.
Then, we walk the AST, running each remaining regexp against Str nodes. When there is a match, the
matching substring is then rewritten to be a Link with the URL & class `link-auto` for the first
regexp that matches.
After the regexp pass, we do an additional cleanup pass. How should we handle the case of a phrase
like "GAN" or "GPT-3" appearing potentially scores or hundreds of times in page? Do we really want
to hyperlink *all* of them? Probably not. For the cleanup pass, we track 'seen' `link-auto` links in
a Set, and if a link has been seen before, we remove it, leaving the text annotated with a simple
Span 'link-auto-skipped' class. This can be deleted in post-processing to avoid cluttering the HTML
with metadata only relevant to compile-time.
Bugs: will annotate phrases inside `Header` nodes, which breaks HTML validation. Does not attempt to
handle `RawInline` or `RawBlock`, so writing raw HTML like `foo` will not
be detected for the purposes of rewrite-short-circuiting or possibly rewriting at all.
Dependencies: Pandoc, text, regex-tdfa, /static/build/Utils.hs, /static/build/Query.hs
-}
import Data.Char (isPunctuation, isSpace)
import Data.Containers.ListUtils (nubOrd)
import qualified Data.Set as S (empty, fromList, insert, member, Set)
import qualified Data.Text as T (append, head, intercalate, length, last, replace, singleton, tail, init, pack, unpack, Text)
import Control.Monad.State (evalState, get, put, State)
import Text.Pandoc (topDown, nullAttr, readerExtensions, def, writeHtml5String, pandocExtensions, runPure, readHtml, Pandoc(..), Inline(Link,Image,Code,Span,Str), nullMeta, Block(Para))
import Text.Pandoc.Walk (walk, walkM)
import Text.Regex.TDFA as R (makeRegex, match, matchTest, Regex) -- regex-tdfa supports `(T.Text,T.Text,T.Text)` instance, to avoid packing/unpacking String matches; it is maybe 4x slower than pcre-heavy, but should have fewer Unicode & correctness/segfault/strange-closure issues (native Text, and useful splitting), so to save my sanity... BUG: TDFA seems to have slow Text instances: https://github.com/haskell-hvr/regex-tdfa/issues/9
import Utils (addClass, frequency, simplifiedDoc, safeHtmlWriterOptions, cleanUpDivsEmpty, cleanUpSpans, inlinesToText)
import Query (extractURLs)
import Typography (mergeSpaces)
import qualified Config.LinkAuto as C (customSorted, linkAutoTests)
-----------
-- turn first instance of a list of regex matches into hyperlinks in a Pandoc document. NOTE: this is best run as early as possible, because it is doing raw string matching, and any formatting or changing of phrases may break a match, but after running link syntax rewrites like the interwiki links (otherwise you'll wind up inserting WP links into pages that already have that WP link, just linked as `[foo](!W)`.)
linkAuto :: Pandoc -> Pandoc
linkAuto p@(Pandoc _ []) = p
linkAuto p = linkAutoFiltered id p
linkAutoInline2Doc :: [Inline] -> Pandoc
linkAutoInline2Doc test = let doc = Pandoc nullMeta [Para test] in
linkAuto doc
linkAutoTest :: [([Inline], Pandoc, Pandoc)]
linkAutoTest = map (\(inline', doc') -> (inline', doc', linkAutoInline2Doc inline')) $ filter (\(inline, doc) -> linkAutoInline2Doc inline /= doc) C.linkAutoTests
-- wrapper convenience function: run LA over a HTML string, return HTML string
linkAutoHtml5String :: String -> String
linkAutoHtml5String "" = ""
linkAutoHtml5String s = let clean = runPure $ do
pandoc <- readHtml def{readerExtensions=pandocExtensions} (T.pack s)
let pandoc' = linkAuto pandoc
fmap T.unpack $ writeHtml5String safeHtmlWriterOptions pandoc'
in case clean of
Left e -> error $ show e ++ " : " ++ s
Right output -> output
-- if we want to run on just a subset of links (eg. remove all resulting links to Wikipedia, or delete a specific regexp match), we can pass in a filter:
linkAutoFiltered :: ([(T.Text, T.Text)] -> [(T.Text, T.Text)]) -> Pandoc -> Pandoc
linkAutoFiltered subsetter p =
let plain = simplifiedDoc p :: T.Text -- cache the plain text of the document
in
let customDefinitions' = filterMatches plain $ filterDefinitions p (customDefinitions subsetter) in
if null customDefinitions' then p else topDown cleanUpDivsEmpty $ topDown cleanUpSpans $ cleanupNestedLinks $ annotateFirstDefinitions $ walk (defineLinks customDefinitions') p
-----------
-- Walk a Pandoc document; find the first instance of every auto-definition and mark it with the HTML/CSS class `definition-auto-first`; skip any further examples of that particular defined word.
-- This lets one add CSS to highlight *just* the first definition and skip the rest; this is difficult/impossible to do in CSS alone, so requires either preprocessing or runtime JS
annotateFirstDefinitions :: Pandoc -> Pandoc
annotateFirstDefinitions doc = evalState (walkM addFirstDefn doc) S.empty
where addFirstDefn :: Inline -> State (S.Set T.Text) Inline
addFirstDefn x@(Link a@(_,classes,_) il c@(t,_)) = if "link-auto" `elem` classes then
do st <- get
if S.member t st then return $ addClass "link-auto-skipped" $ Span nullAttr il -- Useful for debugging to annotate spans of text which *would* have been Links.
else do let st' = S.insert t st
put st'
return $ addClass "link-auto-first" $ Span nullAttr [Link a il c]
else return x
addFirstDefn x = return x
-- HACK: Somehow we can, very rarely on Gwern.net (maybe a dozen cases site-wide) wind up with Links nested inside of Links, despite attempts to block the substitution going too deep in `defineLinks`. This is bad, and also generates invalid HTML of nested s.
-- I can't figure out what is going on, and this may be related to various weird issues which makes me suspect that Pandoc's traverse operations aren't *quite* defined right.
-- So, as a workaround, let's walk the AST looking for any nested Links, and erasing the Link wrapper.
cleanupNestedLinks :: Pandoc -> Pandoc
cleanupNestedLinks = topDown go
where go :: Inline -> Inline
go (Link (a,b,c) is (f,g)) = Link (a,b,c) (walk goDeeper is) (f,g)
go x = x
-- we must be inside a Link's [Inline], so strip any Links we find for their [Inline] anchor text
goDeeper :: Inline -> Inline
goDeeper (Link _ is _) = Str $ inlinesToText is -- Span nullAttr is
goDeeper x = x
-----------
defineLinks :: [(T.Text, R.Regex, T.Text)] -> [Inline] -> [Inline]
defineLinks [] x = x
defineLinks dict is = concatMap go $ mergeSpaces is
where
go :: Inline -> [Inline]
go (Str "") = []
-- TODO: all these guards don't work; we want to skip recursion into some Inline types to avoid useless markup, but both `bottomUp`/`walk` create links anyway, and `topDown` seems to infinitely loop?
go x@Link{} = [x] -- skip links because can't have link inside link
go x@Image{} = [x] -- likewise
go x@Code{} = [x]
go (Span a x) = [Span a (concatMap go x)]
go x@(Str a) = case findRegexMatch dict (T.replace "?" " " a) of
Nothing -> [x]
Just (before,"",after, _) -> go (Str before) ++ go (Str after)
-- NOTE: our regexps must delimit on space/punctuation, which puts the matched character *inside* `matched` instead of `before`/`after`;
-- unfortunately, if we move it inside the Link, this will look bad when Links get their underlining decoration
-- in-browser (if it's a space, it'll be a weird extended underline, and if it's punctuation, it's not usually included in a link and looks inconsistent).
-- So we do this song & dance to figure out if the link was *before* or *after*, remove it from the Link,
-- and stick a prefix or suffix replacement space/punctuation. In retrospect, it might've been better to use capture groups...
Just (before,matched,after, defn) ->
go (Str before) ++ -- NOTE: we need to recurse *before* as well after, because 'findRegexMatch' short-circuits on the first match
-- but there may be a later regexp which would match somewhere in the prefix.
let frst = T.head matched in let lst = T.last matched in
(if isSpace frst || isPunctuation frst then
if isSpace lst || isPunctuation lst then
-- NOTE: we do *not* set .backlink-not because we want automatic links to count just as much as a hand-written link (eg. if an Arxiv abstract mentions GPT-3, then when it gets auto-linked to Brown et al 2020, then that should count just as much as if I had edited the abstract by hand - both mentions are relevant and should show up in Brown et al 2020's backlinks); cases where backlinks are not desirable from a link should be handled elsewhere, like Wikipedia links where backlinks are undesirable & that is already handled by the interwiki code
[Str $ T.singleton frst, Link ("",["link-auto"],[]) [Str $ T.init $ T.tail matched] (defn, ""), Str $ T.singleton lst] else
[Str $ T.singleton frst, Link ("",["link-auto"],[]) [Str $ T.tail matched] (defn, "")]
else if lst == ' ' || isPunctuation lst then
[Link ("",["link-auto"],[]) [Str $ T.init matched] (defn, ""), Str $ T.singleton lst]
else
[Link ("",["link-auto"],[]) [Str matched] (defn, "")])
++ go (Str after)
go x = [x]
-- Recurse through the dictionary (which should be long-first) to find the first matching regexp, since the master regexp blob matched the string.
findRegexMatch :: [(T.Text, R.Regex, T.Text)] -> T.Text -> Maybe (T.Text, T.Text, T.Text, T.Text)
findRegexMatch [] _ = Nothing
findRegexMatch ((_,r,u):rs) s = let (a,b,c) = R.match r s in
if b/="" then Just (a,b,c,u) else findRegexMatch rs s
-- Optimization: take a set of definitions, and a document; query document for existing URLs; if a
-- URL is already present, drop it from the definition list.
-- This avoids redundancy with links added by hand or other filters.
--
-- NOTE: This can be used to disable link rewrites by manually adding a link. In cases of self-links
-- (eg. /modafinil will contain the word 'modafinil' and get a rewrite to /modafinil, leading to a
-- useless self-link), it is easier to add a link to disable the rewrite than to figure out how to
-- filter out that one exact rewrite only on that page. This link can be hidden to avoid distracting
-- the reader.
-- So to disable the modafinil rewrite on /modafinil, one could insert into the Markdown a line like:
-- `[null](/modafinil) `
filterDefinitions :: Pandoc -> [(T.Text, R.Regex, T.Text)] -> [(T.Text, R.Regex, T.Text)]
filterDefinitions p = let allLinks = S.fromList $ map (T.replace "https://gwern.net/" "/") $ extractURLs p in
filter (\(_,_,linkTarget) -> linkTarget `notElem` allLinks)
-- Optimization: try to prune a set of definitions and a document. Convert document to plain text,
-- and do a global search; if a regexp matches the plain text, it may or may not match the AST, but
-- if it does not match the plain text, it should never match the AST?
-- Since generally <1% of regexps will match anywhere in the document, doing a single global check
-- lets us discard that regexp completely, and not check at every node. So we can trade off doing
-- ?(R ¡Á Nodes) regexp checks for doing ?(R + Nodes) + plain-text-compilation, which in practice
-- turns out to be a *huge* performance gain (>30¡Á?) here.
-- Hypothetically, we can optimize this further: we can glue together regexps to binary search the
-- list for matching regexps, giving something like ?(log R) passes. Alternately, it may be possible
-- to create a 'regexp trie' where the leaves are associated with each original regexp, and search
-- the trie in parallel for all matching leaves.
filterMatches :: T.Text -> [(T.Text, R.Regex, T.Text)] -> [(T.Text, R.Regex, T.Text)]
filterMatches plain definitions = if T.length plain < 10000 then
-- for short texts like annotations, the recursive tree is extremely expensive, so just do the straight-line version:
if not (matchTest allRegex plain) then []
else filter (\(_,r,_) -> matchTest r plain) definitions
-- if long (>10k characters), we start the tree slog:
else filterMatch True definitions
where
allRegex :: R.Regex -- in the default case of all regexes are valid (because nothing could be filtered out), use the precompiled top-level all-regex Regex value for efficiency, else, create a new one:
allRegex = masterRegex definitions -- if map (\(a,_,_) -> a) definitions == map fst custom then masterRegexAll else masterRegex definitions
-- Optimization: we can glue together regexps to binary search the list for matching regexps, giving something like ?(log R) passes.
-- divide-and-conquer recursion: if we have 1 regexp left to test, test it and return if matches or empty list otherwise;
-- if we have more than one regexp, test the full list; if none match, return empty list, otherwise, split in half, and recurse on each half.
filterMatch :: Bool -> [(T.Text, R.Regex, T.Text)] -> [(T.Text, R.Regex, T.Text)]
filterMatch _ [] = []
filterMatch _ [d] = [d | matchTest (masterRegex [d]) plain] -- only one match left, base case
-- if none of the regexps match, quit; if any match, then decide whether the remaining list is short enough to check 1 by 1, or if
-- it is long enough that we should try to split it up into sublists and fork out the recursive call; doing a 'wide' recursion *should* be a lot faster than a binary tree
filterMatch skipCheck ds
-- for the very first iteration (called from `filterMatches`), we want to skip the master regex because it will be huge and slow.
-- So, immediately descend:
| skipCheck = concatMap (filterMatch False . return) ds
| not (matchTest (masterRegex ds) plain) = []
| otherwise = concatMap (filterMatch False . return) ds
-- create a simple heuristic master regexp using alternation out of all possible regexes, for the heuristic check 'filterMatches'. WARNING: Depending on the regex library, just alternating regexes (rather than using a regexp trie) could potentially trigger an exponential explosion in RAM usage...
masterRegex :: [(T.Text, R.Regex, T.Text)] -> R.Regex
masterRegex ds = R.makeRegex $ T.intercalate "|" $ map (\(a,_,_) -> a) ds
-- masterRegexAll :: R.Regex
-- masterRegexAll = masterRegex (customDefinitions id)
-- We want to match our given regexps by making them 'word-level' and matching on punctuation/whitespace delimiters. This avoids subword matches, for example, matching 'GAN' in 'StyleGAN' is undesirable.
customDefinitionsR :: [(T.Text, T.Text)] -> [(T.Text, R.Regex, T.Text)]
customDefinitionsR = map (\(a,b) -> (a,
R.makeRegex $ "[[:punct:][:blank:]]"`T.append`a`T.append`"[[:punct:][:blank:]]",
b))
-----------
-- validate and error out immediately if there are bad rewrites defined
definitionsValidate :: [(T.Text, T.Text)] -> [(T.Text, T.Text)]
definitionsValidate defs
| nubOrd (map fst defs) /= map fst defs = error $ "LinkAuto fatal error: Definition keys are not unique! Definitions: " ++ show (frequency $ map fst defs)
| nubOrd (map snd defs) /= map snd defs = error $ "LinkAuto fatal error: Definition values are not unique! Definitions: " ++ show (frequency $ map snd defs)
| otherwise = defs
-- Create sorted (by length) list of (string/compiled-regexp/substitution) tuples.
-- This can be filtered on the third value to remove redundant matches, and the first value can be
-- concatenated into a single master regexp.
-- Possible future feature: instead of returning a simple 'T.Text' value as the definition, which is
-- substituted by the rewrite code into a 'Link' element (the knowledge of which is hardwired), one
-- could instead return a 'T.Text -> Inline' function instead (making the type '[(T.Text, R.Regex,
-- (T.Text -> Inline))]'), to insert an arbitrary 'Inline' (not necessarily a Link, or possibly a
-- custom kind of Link). This would be a much more general form of text rewriting, which could
-- support other features, such as turning into multiple links (eg. one link for each word in a
-- phrase), abbreviated phrases (a shorthand could be expanded to a Span containing arbitrary
-- '[Inline]'), transclusion of large blocks of text, simplified DSLs of sorts, etc. The standard
-- link substitution boilerplate would be provided by a helper function like 'link :: T.Text ->
-- (T.Text -> Inline); link x = \match -> Link ... [Str match] (x,...)'.
-- I'm not sure how crazy I want to get with the rewrites, though. The regexp rewriting is expensive
-- since it must look at all text. If you're doing those sorts of other rewrites, it'd generally be
-- more sensible to require them to be marked up explicitly, which is vastly easier to program &
-- more efficient. We'll see.
customDefinitions :: ([(T.Text, T.Text)] -> [(T.Text, T.Text)]) -> [(T.Text, R.Regex, T.Text)]
customDefinitions subsetter = if length C.customSorted > 1007 then error ("LinkAuto.hs (customDefinitions): 'C.customSorted' too long (" ++ show (length C.customSorted) ++ "), which will trigger the LA slowdown, making site compiles unacceptably slow. Delete some unused regexp rewrite rules!")
else customDefinitionsR $ definitionsValidate $ subsetter C.customSorted -- delimit & compile
He interrupted her. Close at hand is a stable where two beautiful ponies are kept. They are snowy white, and are consecrated to the goddess Ku-wanon, the deity of mercy, who is the presiding genius of the temple. They are in the care of a young girl, and it is considered a pious duty to feed them. Pease and beans are for sale outside, and many devotees contribute a few cash for the benefit of the sacred animals. If the poor beasts should eat a quarter of what is offered to them, or, rather, of what is paid for, they would soon die of overfeeding. It is shrewdly suspected that the grain is sold many times over, in consequence of a collusion between the dealers and the keeper of the horses. At all events, the health of the animals is regarded, and it would never do to give them all that is presented. On their return from the garden they stopped at a place where eggs are hatched by artificial heat. They are placed over brick ovens or furnaces, where a gentle heat is kept up, and a man is constantly on watch to see that the fire neither burns too rapidly nor too slowly. A great heat would kill the vitality of the egg by baking it, while if the temperature falls below a certain point, the hatching process does not go on. When the little chicks appear, they are placed under the care of an artificial mother, which consists of a bed of soft down and feathers, with a cover three or four inches above it. This cover has strips of down hanging from it, and touching the bed below, and the chickens nestle there quite safe from outside cold. The Chinese have practised this artificial hatching and rearing for thousands of years, and relieved the hens of a great deal of the monotony of life. He would not have it in the scabbard, and when I laid it naked in his hand he kissed the hilt. Charlotte sent Gholson for Ned Ferry. Glancing from the window, I noticed that for some better convenience our scouts had left the grove, and the prisoners had been marched in and huddled close to the veranda-steps, under their heavy marching-guard of Louisianians. One of the blue-coats called up to me softly: "Dying--really?" He turned to his fellows--"Boys, Captain's dying." Assuming an air of having forgotten all about Dick¡¯s rhyme, he went to his place in the seat behind Jeff and the instant his safety belt was snapped Jeff signaled to a farmer who had come over to investigate and satisfy himself that the airplane had legitimate business there; the farmer kicked the stones used as chocks from under the landing tires and Jeff opened up the throttle. ¡°Yes,¡± Dick supplemented Larry¡¯s new point. ¡°Another thing, Sandy, that doesn¡¯t explain why he¡¯d take three boys and fly a ship he could never use on water¡ªwith an amphibian right here.¡± Should you leave me too, O my faithless ladie? And years of remorse and despair been your fate, That night was a purging. From thenceforward Reuben was to press on straight to his goal, with no more slackenings or diversions. "Is that you, Robin?" said a soft voice; and a female face was seen peeping half way down the stairs. HoMElãñÔóÂÜÀ³ó
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